Rodolphus Agricola

Rodolphus Agricola was born around 1443 or 44 in Baflo, Groningen [now in The Netherlands]. He died on October 27th, 1485 at Heidelberg, Palatinate [Germany].

His original name was Roelof Huysman and he was a Dutch humanist who, basing his philosophy on Renaissance ideas, placed special emphasis on the freedom of the individual and the complete development of the self, from both an intellectual and a physical stand-point. His ideas influenced Desiderius Erasmus, another Dutch humanist.

Agricola studied in Groningen, Erfurt, Cologne, and Louvain, graduating from Louvain in 1465. While in his early 30s, he started to write, producing an oration in praise of philosophy (1476) and a biography of Petrarch (1477), the Italian poet and scholar. During the following five years, he traveled between universities in northwestern Germany and the Netherlands. In 1484 he accepted an invitation from the bishop of Worms, Johann von Dalberg, to lecture on classical literature in Heidelberg. In the same year he wrote De formando studio, a book on education.

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A little about Martin Agricola

Martin Agricola was born on January 6th, 1486 at  Schwiebus, Silesia [now in Poland]. He died on June 10th, 1556 at  Magdeburg, Archbishopric of Magdeburg [Germany].

His original name was  Martin Sore , (or Sohr composer, teacher, and writer on music), and he was one of the first musicians to concern himself with the needs of the Reformed churches and to publish musical treatises in the vernacular.

Agricola was self-taught, called to music “from the plough,” as his chosen surname suggests. He worked at Magdeburg from about 1510 and in 1524 taught at the first Protestant school there. He published several treatises on music theory, most notably his Musica instrumentalis deudsch (1529). Much of the German musical vocabulary that he invented is still in use. His books give a valuable picture of the musical life of his time, particularly his descriptions of early 16th-century musical instruments. Most of his unpublished compositions are lost. His printed volumes include sacred music and many instrumental pieces that are transcriptions of vocal part-songs.

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About Johann Agricola

Johann Agricola was born on April 20th 1494 at  Eisleben in  Saxony. He died on September 22nd, 1566 in  Berlin.

His original name was Johann Schneider,(Schneider also spelled Schnitter), and he was a Latin Sartor Lutheran Reformer and friend of Martin Luther, and advocate of anti-nomianism, a view asserting that Christians are freed by grace from the need to obey the Ten Commandments. At Wittenberg, Agricola was persuaded by Luther to change his course of study from medicine to theology. Increasingly under Luther’s influence, Agricola accompanied him as recording secretary to his Leipzig debate of 1519 with the scholar Johann Eck.

In 1525 Agricola helped introduce Lutheranism to Frankfurt and, in the same year, became head of the Latin school at Eisleben. There, he began to assert his antinomianism (Greek anti, “against”; nomos, “law”), condemning the law as an unnecessary carry-over from the Old Testament and as too similar to the Roman Catholic stress on good works: “The Decalog(Ten Commandments) belongs in the courthouse, not in the pulpit. . . . To the gallows with Moses!” In 1527 he became more forceful, attacking the Reformer Philipp Melanchthon, an associate of Luther, for Lutheran inclusion of the law in Reformation theology. The conflict was enlarged when Agricola returned to Wittenberg in 1536, and Luther responded with five disputations and the treatise “Against the Antinomians.” Under persecution for his attacks on Luther’s position, in 1540 Agricola went to Berlin, where he retracted his views and in the same year was made court preacher by the Protestant prince Joachim II of Brandenburg. Shortly afterward he returned to Saxony but found himself no longer in Luther’s trust.

In 1548, following Charles V’s victory over the Protestants in his effort to unify the Holy Roman Empire, Agricola was selected by the emperor as one of three theologians to draft a provisional religious settlement between Protestants and Roman Catholics, a document that became known as the Augsburg Interim. His role earned Agricola the hatred of staunch Protestants, but he defended strict Lutheranism in other controversies and toward the end of his life considered himself to have won a substantial victory for Luther’s views. Although criticized by some as vain and too morally weak to shun court favours, Agricola was a gifted theologian and administrator.
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AC/DC

AC/DC are an Australian heavy metal band whose theatrical, high-energy shows placed them among the most popular stadium performers of the 1980s. The principal members were Angus Young (b. March 31, 1955, Glasgow, Scot.), Malcolm Young (b. Jan. 6, 1953, Glasgow), Bon Scott (original name Ronald Belford Scott; b. July 9, 1946, Kirriemuir, Angus, Scot.—d. Feb. 21, 1980, London, Eng.), Brian Johnson (b. Oct. 5, 1948, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, Eng.), Phil Rudd (original name Phillip Rudzevecuis; b. May 19, 1954, Melbourne, Vic., Australia), and Cliff Williams (b. Dec. 14, 1949, Romford, Essex, Eng.).

The Young brothers formed AC/DC in Sydney, Australia, in 1973 with Angus (famous for his schoolboy short-trousers outfit) on lead guitar and Malcolm on rhythm guitar. The rest of the band’s lineup changed when the Youngs moved to Melbourne, and AC/DC’s blues-based records and live appearances made them favourites in Australia by the mid-1970s. After relocating to London in 1976 and solidifying their lineup (with Scott as vocalist, Rudd on drums, Williams on bass, and the Youngs), AC/DC found success in Britain with Let There Be Rock (1977) and internationally with Highway to Hell (1979). AC/DC’s rise was hampered by Scott’s alcohol-related death in February 1980, but replacement Johnson’s falsetto fit in well with the group’s tight, clean metal punch and their raucous bad-boy image. The band’s next album, Back in Black (1980), sold more than 10 million copies in the United States alone, and For Those About to Rock (1981) was also a million-seller. The early to mid-1980s was the band’s peak period as a live group; a number of personnel changes occurred after that time.

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